我們已經看到了，較高的品牌顯著性會伴隨著較多的正面品牌連結與較少的負面品牌連結，但我們還未檢視品牌連結特定的性質：這些正面與負面的連結是由什麼組合而成？品牌連結較傾向於情感性還是功能性？為了回答這些問題，我們將分享三個市場領導品牌：蘋果、百威淡啤，以及另一個口腔護理領導品牌的研究結果。
We have seen that greater brand salience is accompanied by a greater number of positive associations and fewer negative associations but have yet to examine the specific nature of these associations. What do these positive and negative associations consist of? Are brand associations emotional or more functional? To shed light on the answers to these questions, we share our findings for three market leaders: Apple, Bud Light and the market leader in an oral care category.
雖然我們總希望盡可能地充分思考、審慎做決定，但面對大量的資訊、總是不夠用的時間，加上有限的心智容量，將所有可得到的資訊納入考量並不是件實際、可行的事。取而代之，我們憑藉著片面的資訊做決定，這讓我們能迅速做出選擇，然後繼續下一個工作。
As much as we would like our decisions to be thoughtful and fully considered, the large amount of information, lack of time and our limited mental capacity make it difficult to do so. To consider all the available information would not be practical or possible. Instead, we base our decisions on singular pieces of information.
行為經濟學（透過心理學的不同流派了解及預測經濟行為的科學）強調許多行為背後都有其原理，心理學家或者行為經濟學家通常研究人們在作出決定或選擇之前，各種選擇、印象和偏好的形成過程，且在許多情況下，這些行為都是自發的、不一定是完全透過深思熟慮的結果。
隨著時間的過去，他們發現許多行為科學的機制與一般人類推理的心理理論，也就是系統1和系統2這個「雙重過程」的架構密不可分。系統1是快速的、直覺的，大部分來自過去經驗，系統2則需高度的推理（但不一定是完全有意識地或自我反應/射性地），因此過程會較長。
Behavioral Economics highlights many of the principles underlying behavior. In particular, psychologists or behavioral economists are wont to show how we frame our options, form impressions and construct preferences before we “secede” or choose, all of which run on auto-pilot rather than ‘full-on” rTeceasoning processes in many instances.
隱式反應時間（Implicit Reaction Time），是一個已經在國際學術及市場研究上已發展成熟、用來測量受訪者潛意識與受測物間聯結強度的研究方法。而益普索的IRT™為更進階的隱式反應時間，以毫秒的單位計算受訪者回答問題的時間，來測量問題本身與受訪者之間的聯結程度。這項研究方法適用於研究品牌的主要屬性、產品的價值點、政治候選人可能的優勢等任何能與受訪者產生聯結的因素。此外，IRT™也能測量受訪者對於購買、嘗試、使用、投票、或討論等的意圖強度。
Implicit Reaction Time is a well-established methodology that is used internationally by academia and market research alike to determine the unconscious strength of associations. Ipsos calls their advanced version of this method IRT™. It relies upon the measured response time to questions of association in milliseconds. This applies to brands and their attributes, products and benefits, political candidates and possible virtues and any object or entity and the characteristics potentially ascribed. Moreover, IRT™ can determine the strength of conviction people have to state intentions such as intent to buy, vote, try, use, discuss, etc.
